دورة شاملة للتويفل toefel

This section will discuss many of the rules

and it`s problems
________________
نتحدث هناعن المشاكل التى تواجههنا فى كتابتنا من القواعد

PROBLEM IN SENTENCE ONE SUBJECT AND VERB
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BE SURE OF APPOSITIVE التكرارا

--------------------------------


AN APPOSITIVE IS A NOUN THAT COMES BEFOR OR AFTER ANOTHER NOUN AND HAS THE SAME MEANING
AND THIS W`LL MAKE ACONFUSION IN THE SENTENCE

التكرار هو كلمة تاتى قبل او بعد كلمة اخرى ولها نفس المعنى ز مما يؤدى الى حدوث غموض فى الجملة

SALLY,THE BEST STUDENT IN THE CLASS,GOT AN A ON THE TEST

Here sally is the subject and the best student in the class can be easily recognized as an appositive phrases because of the noun student and because of the commas

*************************


BE SURE OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES
النعت الفعلى فى زمن المضارع
--------------------------

a BRESENT PARTICIPLE is the _ing form of the verb

the man is talking to his friend

here talking is a part of the verb be cause it accompanied by is

talking هنا جزء من الفعل لانها مصحوبة ب is

***********************


the man talking to his friend has a beard

talking her is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accopmained by some form of be

talking هنا صفة وليست جزء من الفعل لانها ليست مصحوبة باى فعل
************************



BE CARFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES

النعت الفعلى فى زمن الماضى

------------------------

THE PAST PARTICIPLES is the form of the verb that appears with have or be it often ende in_ed

The family has purchased a t.v.

Here the PAST PARTICIPLES is a verb


The tv. Purchased yesterday was exbensive

Here the PAST PARTICIPLES is an adjective

HOW TO WEITE EASSY
=================

An eassy usually has 3 parts

1- AN INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH المقدمة
********************************

This paragraph introduces the topic and tells the reader what will follow in the body paragraph(s)

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH is made uo of the THESIS STATEMENT or MAIN IDEA which has the same function in the essay as the topic sentence in aparagraph


مقدمة المقال هى التى تقدم للقارىء الفكرة العامة للمقال وماذا بعد فى بقية امقال _______ وتتكون ا

المقدمة من الفكرة الرئيسية وبعد الشرح عليها

--------@@@@@@-------------


THE BODY PARAGRAPH(S)قلب المقال

************************

The number of paragraphs in the body dependes on the number of ideas you want to discuss.


THE BODY PARAGRAPH(s) support and related to your thesis statement in the introductory paragraph

قوام المقال او هيكلة ويعتمد على عدد الافكار الى نناقشها فى المقال ويدعم ويربط الافكار المذكورة فى المقدمة مع بعضها------@@@@@-------


THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH(CONCLUSION)الخاتمة

**********************************


This paragraph comes at the end of the eassy.it restates your thesis statement in the introduction..and summarizes the main points made in the body_______it acts as areminder to the reader


وتاتى خاتمة المقال فى نهاية المقال وعى بتعيد الافكار الاساسية فى المقدمة وتلخص النقاط الهامة فى هيكل المقال او body ___________ فتعمل الخاتمة كنوع من التذكرة لما كتب فى المقال ككل للقارىء


#########################


GOIDLINES FOR EDTING YOUR EASSY
***************************


سطور ارشادية لكاتبة المقال صحيح

1-IF YOU HAVE TOO MANY MISTAKES IN YOUR WRITING ,CORRECT THE ONES THAT ARE OBVIOUS
اذا كانت توجد اخطاء كثيرة فى الكتابة بندا اولا بالواضح منها_____________

2-MAKE YOUR CONNECTIONS AS NEATLY AS POSSIBILE

اجعل الروابط المستخدمة ]دقيقة قدر الامكان

_________________

3-BE SURE YOU HAVE NO INCOMPLETE SENTENCE

تاكد انة لا يوجد اى جمل غير تامة

_______________________


4-GIVE SPECIFIC REASONES,EXAMPLES AND DETAILES TO SUPPORT POINTS

اعطى اسباب وامثلة وتفاصيل مختصرة لتدعيم النقاط او الافكار

_____________

5-MAKE WRITING CLEAR AND COHERENT

اجعل الكتابة واضحة الاسلوب ومترابطة مع بعضها

_________________

6-USE GOOD STRUCTURE AND SHOW SYNTITIC VARIETY
استخدام تراكيب جيدة واعرض تنويع فى الاساليب الفنية

_____________

7-BE CARFUL OF GRAMMAR ,PUNCTUATION AND SPELLING ERRORS

انتبة لاخطاء الترقيم والكتابة والقواعد

VOCBULARY
=========



HERE WE MUST CONCENTRATE IN THESE TWO ITEMS IN ORDER TO GET A CORRECT ANSWER

THE VOCABULARY QUESTIONS DO NOT TEST GRAMMAAR
============================

In the vocabulary question the answer choices will not always be the same part of speech as the underlined word. If the underlined word is anoun,then the 4answer choices will be nouns ,if the underlined word is verb
then the 4answer choices will be verb

اذا كانت الكلمة المرادة فى السؤال اسم فستكون الاجابات اسماء ايضا وااذا كانت فعل تاتى الاربع اجابات فعل

************************8


2-BEWARE OF SECOND MEANING
========================


Words in English often have more than one meaning. The word embrace, for example has aprimary meaning of hug.but it can also mean include

الكلمات فى الانجليزية غالبا تحمل اكثر من معنى فعلينا ان نختار المعنى الملائم لمعنى الجملة وليس المعنى الحرفى
HI EASSY EMBRACED ALL THE MAIN POINTS OF HIS PHILOSOPHY

1-hugged
2-entertained
3-interlaced
4-include

Although embraced in this sentences can mean hugged .here it means include ,therefore the best answer is (4)

بالرغم من ان embraced فى الجملة تعنى احتضان الا انها هنا تعنى تحتوى

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

=======================
معنى PARALLEL STRUCTURE هو ان نوازن البنائى مابين طرفى الجملة اى اذا كان فى القسم الاول فعل فى زمن المستمر فلابد ان يكون الفعل الاخر من القسم الثانى للجملة فى الزمن المستمر

You can achieve parallel structure by making the forms of words as similar as possiple
يمكن ان تحقق التوازن البنائى تكوين الكلمات متشابة قدر الامكان
EX

I LIKE DANCING AND REDING

I LIKT TO DANCE AND READ

-------------@@@@@@@@@@@-------------

1-USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTION

*******************************

The job of the conjunctions (and , but , or) is to join together equal expressions

وظيفة هذة الروابط تربط بتوازن بين التعبيرات فى الجملة
In other words , what is on side of these words must be parallel to what is on the other side

EX

She is not *a teacher* but *a lawer*

He* eats* and *sleeps* only at night

They are not interested in * what you say* o*r what you do*

-----------@@@@@@----------

2-USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS
*****************************
When you make a comparison , you point out the similarities or differences between 2 things_______and those similarities or differences must be in parallel form

عندما نعمل مقارنة بين شيئين بنوضح للتشابهات والاختلافات بينهم وهذة التشابهات والاختلافات يجب ان تكون متوازنة البناء
EX

*my school * is further than *your school*

*Renting thos apartments* costs about the same as * leasing them*

----------------@@@@@@@@------------------

3-USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH SPECIAL EXPRESSION
*******************************


THE EXPRESSIONS (both……….and , either…………or . neither………..nor , and not only………….. but also)require parallel structure

هذ ة التعبيرات بتتطلب التوازن البنائى للجملة
EX


He is not only *an excellent student* but also* an outstanding athlete*

He wants to go by either * train* or* plane*

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاتة

INVERTION
=========


معنى invertion:هوقلب اوبدل
ففى الامور العادية فى اللغة الانجليزية ياتى الفاعل قبل الفعل اما المقصود بinvertion
هو الحالات التى يقلب فيها الفعل ويسبق الفاعل فى الجملة


@@@@@@@@@@@@

SUBJECTS &VERBS ARE INVERTED IN A VARITY OF SITUATION IN ENGLISH


HERE ARE THE MOST COMMON TIMES TO INVERT THE SUBJECT &THE VERB

***************************

* WHEN FORMING A QUESTION:

****************************

TO FORM A QUESTION WITH HELPING VERB )BE.HAVE.CAN .COULD
EX:
CAN HE GO TO THE MOVIES?

------------@@@@@@@@@---------------

INVERTION AFTER QUESTION WORDS:

*************************

SUCH AS:WHEN .WHERE WHAT
THESE WORDS CAN HAVE TWO VERY DIFFEREFNT FUNCTIONS IN A SENTENCE:
________________________

FIRST: AT THE BEGANING OF THE SENTENCE. IN THIS CASE THE SUBJECT AND THE VERB THAT FOLLOW ARE INVERTED
:EX
WHERE ARE YOU GOING?
اذا جاءت فى اول الجملة فنبدل الفعل مكان الفاعل
*******************

SECOND: THESE WORDS CAN GOIN TOGETHER TWO CLAUSES.IN THE SENTENC . IN THIS CASES THE SUBJECT&VERB THAT FOLLOW AREN`T INVERTED & IT CONSIDERED AS A CONECTOR
عندما تاتى هذة الكلمات فى منتصف الجملة فتكون رابط ولانقلب الفعل والفاعل فى هذة الحالة
EX:
DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU ARE GOING

----------------##########---------------------


INVERTION AFTER PLACES EXPRESSION:
*****************************
تعبيرات الاماكن

SUBJECT&VERB ARE INVERTED AFTER THESE WORDS:
(HERE.THER..AROUND. NOWHERE.BEYOND)

:EX
HERE IS YOUR BOOK
--------------############------------------


INVERTION AFTER NEGATIVES:"
**********************
WHEN NEGATIVE EXPRESSION SUCH AS
NO.NOT. OR NEVER ) COMES AT THE BEGANING OF A SENTENCE THE SUBJECT& THE VERB ARE INVERTED

:EX
NOTONCE DID I MISS ANYTHING

CERTAIN WORDS IN ENGLISH . SUCH AS
hardly , barly scarcely , seldom rarly, and only ACT
)LIIKE NEGATIVES IF IT COMES AT THE BEGANING OF THE SENTENCE.THE SUBJECT & THE VERB ARE INVERTED

تعمل هذة الكلمات عمل النفى اذا جاءت فى اول الجملة
**********************

THE TWO OTHER NEGATIVE WORDS THAT CAUSES THE SUBJECT& THE VERB ARE : NITHER& NOR(

WHEN THESE WORDS ARE FOUND IN THE MIDDLE OF TJE SENTENCE THE SUBJECT & THE VERB THAT FOLLOW ARE INVERTED
يبدل الفعل مكان الفاعل اذا جاءت هذة الكلمات فى منتصف الجملة
:EX
I DON`T WANT TO GO AND NIETHER DOES TOM

WITH MY BEST WISHESresent:

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاتة


BROPLEMS WITH SUBJECT_ VERB AGREEMENT
**************************
If the subject of a sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular and if it is plural the verb must be plural

يجب ان يتفق الفعل مع الفاعل اذا كان الفاعل مفرد يكون الفعل مفرد واذا كان جمع يكون جمع
EX

THE BOYE WALKS TO SCHOOL

THE BOYES WALK TO SCHOOL



YOU SHOULD BECARFUL OF THESE 3 ITEMS

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1-MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PRPOSITIONAL PHRASS

--------------------@@@@@@@-------------------------

the prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and it`s
object , the object of a preposition is anoun or a pronoun
__
تتكون الجملة المجرورة من حرف الجر والمفعول بة ويكون اما اسم او ضمير ولا يعتبر مفعول بة للجملة ككل وانما مفعول بة لحرف الجر

__________

some times prepositional phrase can come between the subject and the verb it is necessary to make agreement between them
_________________

THE KEY( TO THE DOORS) IS IN THE DRAWER

SOME OF THE ANIMALS* FROM THE ZOO * WERE * REALSED * INTO THE ANIMAL PRESERVE

------**********--------

When the subject of the sentence is s word like(all, most, some part) followed the preposition of ,the subject (all , most , some , part) can be singular or plural ,depending on what follows the preposition of
EX

ALL (OF THE BOOK) WAS INTERSTING

ALL(OF THE BOOKS) WERE INTERSTING

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@


MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE

-------------------@@@@@@@@@@---------------------

قد سبق شرح قاعدة INVERTION

EX
BEHIND THE HOUSE WERE THE BICYCLES I WANTED

BEHIND THE HOUSES WAS THE BICYCLE I WANTED


@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@


MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

-------------------@@@@@@-------------------

Certain words in English are always grammatically singular,even though they have plural meanings
بعض الكلمات تكون مفردة بالرغم من انها ذات معنى جمع
ANYBODY EVERYBODY NOBODY SOMEBODY EACH

ANYONE EVERYONE NO ONE SOMEONE EVERY+NOUN

ANYTHING EVERYTHING NOTHING SOMETHING

They must have a singular verbs

EX

EVERYBODY ISGOING TO THE PARTY

PROBLEM WITH THE MEANING OF THE VERB

==========================

Many different problems with the meaning of the verb are possible in English

We must pay attention to these 3 items

________________________________


1- USING HAD AND HAVE CORRECTLY

2- USING THE CORRECT TENSE WITH WILL AND WOULD


========@@@@@@@@========


3- USING HAD AND HAVE CORRECTLY

************************************

The present perfect (have + p.p.) refers to the period of time from the past untile the present

EX

TOM HAS LIVED IN AMERCA FOT TEN YEARS

This means that tom has lived in amerce for ten years until now

######


THE PAST PERFECT (HAD + P.P.) REFERS TO A PERIOD OF THIME

THET STARTED IN THE PAST AND ENDED IN THE PAST ..BEFOR

SOMETHING ELSE HAPPENED IN THE PAST
EX

TOM HAD LIVED IN AMERCA FOR 10 YEARS WHEN HE MOVED TO SAN DIEGO

This means that tom lived in amerce for 10 years in the past befor he moved to san diego in the past,, according to this sentence , he no longer lives in amerce



@@@@@@@@@@@@@



2- USING THE CORRECT TENSE WITH WILL AND WOULD
******************************************

Cetain combinations of verbs are very common in English, one is thee combination of the simple present and willEX

I *KNOW* THAT THEY *WILL ARRIVE SOON*

IT* IS* CERATIN THAT HE *WILL GRADUATE*


********


Another combination that is quite common is the combination of the simple past and would

EX

I KNEW THAT HE WOULD ARRIVE

IT *WAS* CERTAIN THAT HE *WOULD GRADUATED*

BROBLEMS WITH NOUNS


================

We must be carful for quantifying words such as (each , every , a ,) and single that indicate that anoun should be singular

Also words such as (many, several) that indicate anouon should be plural

Ex

On the table there were many dishes

The servant finished every thing

------@@@@@------

DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

========================

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted____ It can come in quantities of one or two or a hundred

IT TAKES THESE QUANTIFIYING WORDS

(MANY – NUMBER – FEW – FEWER)

EX

HE HAS SEEN MANY FILMS

******************

Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted because they come in some indeterminant quanty or mass …. Such as..milk or happiness

They are often liquid items such as water or oil

Also it can refer to abstract ideas such as security , friendship , or hope

IT TAKES THESE QUANTIFIYING WORDS

(MUCH – LITTLE – AMOUNT – LESS)

EX

HE DIDN`T HAVE MUCH FUN AT THE MOVIES


==========@@@@@@@@==========


DISTINGUISH THE *PERSON –NOUN* FROM THE \*THING-NOUN*

*********************************



Nouns in English can refer to person or things

Sometimes the*person-noun* is used in place of the *thing-noun*
Or

The*thing-noun* is used in place of the *person-noun*
الاسماء فلى الانجليزية ممكن ان تشير الى اشخاص او اشياء
وفى بعض الاحيان تسخدم اسماء الاشخاص فى مكان اسماء الاشياء والعكس

EX

Nader is an *authority* in the field of administration

Here *authority* is a person-noun because Nader is aperson
هنا كلمة*authorityاسم شخصية حيث انها تنسب للاشخاص وليست للاشياء
لان الاشياء لا تملك ان يكون لديها سلطة

There are many job opportunities in * accounting*

Here the thing noun is *accounting* because job opportunities is a thing

هنا * accounting*تيشير الى اشياء بتعد وليست اشخاص وهى تشير الى فرص الوظائف job opportunities التى بكونها اسماء لاشياء